Month: February 2018

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What is Ecotherapy?

ecotherapy
Ecotherapy

For most of its existence, homo sapiens has lived in harmony with nature as hunter/gatherers. Such a lifestyle requires a vast knowledge of the seasons, and of the patterns and habits of wildlife, and of plants and herbs and their healing powers. Industrialization and urbanization are fairly recent phenomena on an evolutionary scale. We still carry the genetic memory of our ancestors who lived in untamed nature. Our brains are wired for the outdoors and nature. A growing body of research demonstrates that not only do we feel better when we make time for nature, but it is also actually a requirement for good physical and mental health!

Ecopsychology and Ecotherapy

The field of ecopsychology studies how humans interact with nature. Ecopsychology is a philosophy combining elements of psychology and ecology. It is the philosophy that mental health is contingent upon the health of the environment. Humankind and the environment are part of an interrelated system. We are not separate from nature. We are a part of nature.

ecotherapy

Ecopsychology suggests that there is a synergistic relation between planetary and personal well-being; that the needs of the one are relevant to the needs of the other. In short, what we do to the environment, we do to ourselves. Ecotherapy is the practical application of this knowledge. In ecotherapy, nature is the “therapist.” In practicing the techniques of ecotherapy, we allow the healing power of nature to work its magic on us. Hölzel et al (2011) demonstrated that meditative states of mindfulness stimulate neural growth in the cerebral cortex in the areas of the brain responsible for emotional regulation, good judgment, insight, and impulse control. Nature experiences have been demonstrated in several studies to produce meditative states (fascination, relaxation, and mindfulness).

Ecotherapy: Natural Experiences with Nature

Experiences in and with nature, or natural experiences, are ways in which we consciously choose to allow nature to work its healing magic on us. Some types of natural experiences include:

Facilitated Wilderness Experiences

In these types of experiences, a trained facilitator takes you into the woods for an adventure. These events can be anything from a wilderness experience in ecotherapy led by a therapist or counselor to a hunting trip led by a wilderness guide. Kuo & Taylor (2004) demonstrated that therapy and other activities conducted in outdoor settings reduced symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Whittington (2006) found that wilderness skills training gave adolescent girls increased self-esteem and self-confidence and helped to shatter gender stereotypes.

Animal-Assisted Therapy

Animal therapy in the form of contact with pets and/or wild or domesticated animals enhances self-actualization and can lessen symptoms of depression. Antonioli & Reveley (2005) found that simply swimming with dolphins can greatly reduce symptoms of depression. Other studies have shown that owning pets, or even just watching fish in an aquarium, can greatly reduce stress. Equine Therapy uses horses to facilitate mental and physical well-being. There are many other ways that animals can help us lead happier lives, as any pet owner can tell you!

Therapeutic Gardens

Sempik & Spurgeon (2006) demonstrated that therapeutic gardening reduces stress and lessens symptoms of depression. Blair (2009) discovered that gardening can be used as a means of helping school children to enhance self-sufficiency, social identity, meaning, and self-integration. There’s just something very healing about planting something and nurturing it as you watch it grow.

Vacations

Berto (2014) discovered that outdoor activities reduce stress and restore energy. If you’ve ever had to miss a vacation, you’re probably painfully aware of the regenerative power of taking a week or so off to spend time in nature. Cole (2012) found that you don’t need a facilitator or guide to enjoy health and well-being benefits from the use of wilderness areas. There’s a reason we’re attracted to beaches and national parks!

Architecture Incorporating Natural Spaces

Nature can be incorporated into the home environment through the use of plants, an aquarium, or even recorded nature sounds. Alvarsson et al (2010) studied the positive mental health effects of listening to nature sounds.

Outdoor Classrooms

Dennis, Wells & Bishop (2014) revealed that outdoor classrooms enhanced many critical factors of the educational experience, including: Enhanced retention, better focus, more attention to detail, less hyperactivity, more relaxation, increased confidence and self-esteem, and better cognitive functioning

Why Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy?

Mindfulness-based ecotherapy (MBE) enhances traditional ecotherapy by combining the restorative benefits of nature with the self-regulation and awareness skills cultivated through mindfulness practices. Ecotherapy alone has been shown to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase feelings of connectedness to the natural environment (Berto, 2014).

By integrating mindfulness, participants are encouraged to attend fully to present-moment sensory experiences within natural settings, which can deepen emotional processing, reduce rumination, and amplify psychological restoration (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). This combination strengthens the therapeutic impact, particularly for individuals prone to anxiety or depression, by not only providing exposure to nature but also fostering intentional engagement with it. Mindfulness enhances attentional control, allowing participants to notice subtle natural cues, reflect without judgment, and cultivate a sense of grounded presence, thereby making ecotherapy sessions more effective and transformative (Berto, 2014; Kabat-Zinn, 2003).

References

Alvarsson JJ, Wiens S, Nilsson ME. Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Mar;7(3):1036-46. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7031036. Epub 2010 Mar 11. PMID: 20617017; PMCID: PMC2872309.

Antonioli C, Reveley MA. Randomised controlled trial of animal facilitated therapy with dolphins in the treatment of depression. BMJ. 2005 Nov 26;331(7527):1231. doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1231. PMID: 16308382; PMCID: PMC1289317.

Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394–409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394

Blair, D. (2009). The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2), 15–38.

Cole, D. N. (2012). Wilderness visitor experiences: A selective review of 50 years of research. Park Science, 28(3), Winter 2011‑2012. https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2012_cole_d001.pdf

Dennis, S. F., Wells, A., & Bishop, C. (2014). A post-occupancy study of nature-based outdoor classrooms in early childhood education. Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.24.2.0035

Fieldhouse J, Sempik J. ‘Gardening without Borders’: Reflections on the Results of a Survey of Practitioners of an ‘Unstructured’ Profession. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2007;70(10):449-453. doi:10.1177/030802260707001006

Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, Congleton C, Yerramsetti SM, Gard T, Lazar SW. Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan 30;191(1):36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006. Epub 2010 Nov 10. PMID: 21071182; PMCID: PMC3004979.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016

Taylor AF, Kuo FE. Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. J Atten Disord. 2009 Mar;12(5):402-9. doi: 10.1177/1087054708323000. Epub 2008 Aug 25. PMID: 18725656.



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Sensing Wolf and Thinking Wolf: An Empowering Tale of 2 Wolves

sensing wolf
sensing wolf

An old Grandfather said to his grandson, who came to him with anger at a friend who had done him an injustice, “Let me tell you a story. I, too, at times, have felt a great hate for those who have taken so much, with no sorrow for what they do. But hate wears you down, and does not hurt your enemy. It is like drinking poison and wishing your enemy would die. I have struggled with these feelings myself many times.”

He continued, “It is as if there are two wolves inside me. One is good and does not harm. He lives in harmony with all around him, and does not take offense when no offense was intended. He will only fight when it is right to do so, and in the right way. But the other wolf is full of anger. The littlest thing will set him into a fit of temper. He fights everyone, all the time, for no reason. He cannot think because his anger and hate are so great. It is helpless anger, for his anger will change nothing.”

“Sometimes, it is hard to live with these two wolves inside me, for both of them try to dominate my spirit.”

The boy looked intently into his Grandfather’s eyes and asked, “Which one wins, Grandfather?”

The Grandfather smiled and quietly said, “The one I feed.”

A Tale of Two Wolves, from a Cherokee legend as re-told in The Mindful Mood Management Workbook by Charlton Hall

Thinking Wolf and Sensing Wolf

The more energy we spend on sensing, the less energy we have to spend on thinking. Based on the tale of two wolves above, we could see the two wolves as “thinking wolf” and “sensing wolf.” The more energy you give to the sensing wolf, the less energy you give to the thinking wolf. The less energy the thinking wolf receives, the weaker the thinking wolf becomes. Conversely, the more energy the sensing wolf receives, the stronger the sensing wolf becomes. By shifting from thinking to sensing, you’re not trying to ‘kill’ the thinking wolf. You’re not engaging in doing by trying to make the thinking wolf go away. You’re simply depriving it of energy so that it may eventually go away on its own. Even if it doesn’t go away on its own, you’re not focusing your attention on it. Since your attention isn’t on it, thinking wolf can’t grab you by the throat, refusing to let go.

The Wolf You Feed

It could be said that focusing on what your senses are telling you is a type of thinking as well, and that is partially true; however, the difference is that focusing on what your senses are telling you is a type of thinking devoid of emotional content. If you’re in a thinking cycle that is causing you anxiety or depression, then anxiety and depression are emotions. But unless you hate trees for some reason, simply sitting quietly in a forest and observing a tree as if you are an artist about to draw that tree is an exercise devoid of emotional content. By focusing on the emotionally neutral stimuli found in nature, we allow ourselves to feed the sensing wolf.

How Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy Helps Nurture the Sensing Wolf Over the Thinking Wolf

The metaphor of the two wolves offers a useful way to understand the tension between present-moment awareness and the mental habits that fuel anxiety, stress, and depression. The “sensing wolf” represents the part of us that experiences life directly through the five senses, grounded in what is happening here and now. The “thinking wolf,” on the other hand, is the part of the mind that ruminates, analyzes, spirals into what-ifs, and fixates on problems. Both wolves have value, but in many people, the thinking wolf grows overfed, dominating the internal landscape with worry and mental noise. Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy creates conditions that allow the sensing wolf to regain strength, balance, and presence, shifting the center of gravity away from constant mental churn.

Natural Environments Favor the Sensing Wolf

One reason this works so well is that natural environments naturally favor the sensing wolf. When someone steps outdoors into a wooded area, a park, a shoreline, or even a garden, the sensory field becomes richer and more inviting than the world of internal rumination. Leaves move in the breeze, sunlight flickers, birds call, water flows, and colors shift. The brain is gently nudged toward sensory engagement, which quiets the internal monologue that the thinking wolf thrives on. In this state, attention moves from the world of thoughts to the world of direct experience. This transition alone can reduce stress and interrupt the cycles that reinforce anxiety and depression.

Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy builds on this natural shift by offering structured practices that actively engage the sensing wolf. Techniques like mindful walking, breath awareness in natural settings, sensory-focused grounding, and observation of ecological patterns encourage participants to connect deeply with what is happening in the moment. When the senses are occupied and awake, the thinking wolf loses some of its grip. Rumination is harder to maintain while noticing the texture of a stone, the temperature of the air, or the scent of pine needles. Over time, this repeated redirection strengthens neural pathways associated with presence rather than worry.

Chilling Out with the Sensing Wolf

Another benefit of nurturing the sensing wolf is the way ecotherapy interacts with the body’s stress physiology. Rumination activates the sympathetic nervous system, keeping the body stuck in low-grade fight-or-flight. Sensory engagement, particularly in nature, stimulates the parasympathetic system, which promotes calm, digestion, and restoration. As the body calms, the mind follows. When the nervous system shifts into balance, the sensing wolf becomes easier to access, and the thinking wolf becomes less dominant. This physiological support is one of the reasons nature-based mindfulness is such a potent intervention for chronic stress and mood challenges.

Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy also provides a corrective to the thinking wolf’s habit of interpreting thoughts as facts. When individuals practice noticing sensations without judgment, they simultaneously learn to observe thoughts with the same attitude. Thoughts become passing mental events rather than urgent demands for action or attention. This distances the self from the thinking wolf’s tendency to catastrophize or rehearse negative narratives. Instead of wrestling with thoughts, participants learn to acknowledge them and return to sensory experience, strengthening the sensing wolf through repetition and compassion.

Sensing Wolf and Connection

Finally, ecotherapy nurtures the sensing wolf by cultivating connection—connection to nature, to the present moment, and ultimately to one’s own internal experience. The thinking wolf often thrives in isolation, spinning stories without grounding in the wider world. The sensing wolf grows stronger when individuals feel part of a larger ecosystem, rooted and supported by the living environment around them. This sense of belonging reduces the vulnerability that fuels rumination and helps reinforce emotional resilience.

By feeding the sensing wolf through mindfulness-based experiences in nature, individuals create healthier internal balance. The thinking wolf does not disappear, but it no longer runs the entire show. Over time, present-moment awareness becomes more accessible, anxiety decreases, and emotional well-being improves. This is the core strength of Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy: teaching people how to live more fully in the present while gently quieting the mental habits that keep them trapped in stress.

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School Shootings – Charlton Hall on WSPA Channel 7

school shootings

Click here to watch the video

Understanding School Shootings: Focusing on Probability Over Possibility

When Charlton Hall, MMFT, PhD, served as Chair of Behavioral Health for ReGenesis Health Care in Spartanburg, South Carolina, he became a trusted voice on issues affecting children’s mental health and safety. Among the many topics he addressed, one particularly sensitive subject was that of school shootings. As tragic and terrifying as these events are, they present unique challenges for both parents and educators in how they discuss safety with children without instilling excessive fear. In interviews with local reporters, Dr. Hall emphasized a subtle but crucial distinction: when children ask about the likelihood of a school shooting, it is often more helpful to focus on probability rather than mere possibility.

The Normalization of School Shootings

In our current cultural climate, news of shootings appears frequently and often with intense coverage, giving the impression that such events are a constant, ever-present threat. For children and adults, this can trigger heightened anxiety and a sense of impending danger. Dr. Hall recognized that children’s natural curiosity and concerns about safety needed to be addressed with honesty, but also with perspective. His guidance was clear: while it is technically always possible that a school shooting could happen at any given school, the probability that it will occur at their particular school is relatively low. By framing the conversation around probability, children can develop a realistic understanding of risk without being paralyzed by fear.

Probability vs. Possibility

Dr. Hall’s approach utilizes behavioral health principles and child development research to help children understand risk and probability. Children may misinterpret rare events as common due to media coverage, but adults can assist by contextualizing these events and comparing them to more frequent risks. For instance, despite media reports of multiple school shootings, the actual probability of a child experiencing such an event at their own school is very low. Understanding the difference between possibility and probability can help children feel safer while acknowledging real dangers.

Pay Attention to the Emotional Component

Importantly, Dr. Hall also highlighted the emotional component of these conversations. Children often ask about school shootings not only to understand the facts but also to seek reassurance. By emphasizing probability, adults validate children’s concerns while simultaneously reinforcing that most schools remain safe environments. This balanced approach reduces anxiety without resorting to false assurances, which can undermine trust if children later encounter distressing news.

Beyond individual conversations, Dr. Hall advocated for proactive safety measures in schools, such as well-trained staff, emergency preparedness drills, and clear communication strategies. While these measures cannot eliminate the possibility of a school shooting, they do reduce risk and empower children and educators to respond effectively if an incident were ever to occur. By coupling probability-focused discussions with tangible safety practices, children gain both cognitive and practical tools for navigating their environment confidently.

Informed, Compassionate Conversations

In a society where sensationalized news and social media coverage amplify fears, Dr. Hall’s perspective is particularly relevant. Focusing on probability rather than possibility is not a matter of ignoring danger but of teaching children to weigh realistic risks against anxiety-inducing scenarios. This approach fosters resilience, critical thinking, and a grounded sense of personal safety, all of which are essential components of behavioral health.

Charlton Hall’s guidance on this delicate topic demonstrates the importance of informed, compassionate communication when addressing children’s fears. By explaining that while a school shooting is always possible, the probability of it occurring at their particular school is low, he provided parents, educators, and children alike with a framework for understanding risk, reducing anxiety, and maintaining emotional balance in the face of alarming news. His work continues to serve as a model for behavioral health professionals navigating the complexities of child safety, perception of risk, and media influence in contemporary society.

Transcript of the WSPA Interview

Charlton Hall chairs the behavioral health department at ReGenesis Health Care, and said the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, made it to the minds of his patients who’ve dealt with trauma.

“Because it’s just another reminder that the world isn’t always a safe place,” said Hall.

It’s a conversation, he said, parents need to have in their homes, too.

“[Help children] understand that unfortunately, this is the world we live in now and these things do happen,” he said. “The longer you [parents] sweep it under the rug, the more you’re going to have to deal with it at some point in the future.”

Hall advised limiting how much children are exposed to news of these shootings and leaving out the graphic details for younger children, while avoiding information they don’t ask for.

“Too much information for a small child would be something like going into graphic detail about what happened, about how many people were killed. Just let them know that something bad happened, and let the child be your guide,” he said. “But, in the same way, be realistic. Don’t try to minimize the danger, either.”

He says to remind children that school shootings are possible, but not always probable.

“Assure them that they’re safe. Review the procedures with the school,” said Hall, “And it’s important that they are looking to you as a role model as well, so if they feel stressed out, they’re looking to you as to how to respond to that.”

And, while at their own schools, he says kids need to know that making threats is never funny.

“If I hear a child making what they think is a joke, saying that they’re going to shoot up a school, or if a teacher hears that, or any kind of professional who’s a mandated reporter hears that, they’re required by law to report that,” said Hall. “It’s a very serious thing and can impact the rest of your life – it can keep you from getting into college, getting a job.”

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MBE Trifold Brochure

The brochure above contains additional information about the Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy Program. If you are a certified facilitator of the Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy program or are interested in becoming one, you may download and print the brochure below to promote your own program. It contains to blank areas for you to include information about your own local program.

Mindfulness-Based Ecotherapy Trifold Brohure